Lab values, abbreviations and numbers in the FSP
In short
Numbers, units and abbreviations come up in every Fachsprachprüfung: age, dates and doses in the patient conversation, abbreviations in the documentation, values in the doctor–doctor conversation. Some chambers test them specifically: Berlin has you read out three lab values with number and unit and complete two abbreviations at the end, in Saxony-Anhalt the laboratory phones you, in Rhineland-Palatinate you take notes on two phone calls. What counts is language: decimal comma instead of point, always say the unit, repeat numbers on the phone. Which values are "normal" depends on the laboratory — this article covers the language side only.
Where lab values, abbreviations and numbers are tested
| Chamber | Where | What |
|---|---|---|
| Berlin | end of part 3 | you complete "zwei medizinische Abkürzungen" (two medical abbreviations) and read out "drei Laborwerte mit den entsprechenden Zahlen und Maßeinheiten korrekt" (three lab values correctly with their numbers and units) — a separate criterion on the scoring sheet |
| Saxony-Anhalt | part 2 "Dokumente" (documents) and the doctor–doctor conversation | the laboratory phones with lab values of another patient, which you later reproduce correctly with name and date of birth; in the doctor–doctor conversation you summarise the call |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | section 5 | two phone calls whose content you note down, plus a findings report or letter with questions |
| Nordrhein | part 3 | the examiners may "weitere Unterlagen zu dem Patienten vorlegen" (present further documents about the patient) for you to assess; the chamber does not say which |
| Bavaria | part 3 | according to Bayerisches Ärzteblatt it is necessary "fachliche Abkürzungen sicher zu verwenden" (to use medical abbreviations confidently) |
| Saxony | part 1 | grading note: "Achten Sie auf richtiges Zahlenverständnis" (make sure you understand numbers correctly) |
On top of this, every chamber's patient conversation is full of numbers: date of birth, age, height and weight, medication with dose, times. The Mainz exam notes put it plainly: "Achten Sie darauf, dass Sie Zahlen und Namen korrekt erfassen, lassen Sie sich Worte, die Sie nicht kennen, buchstabieren" (make sure you record numbers and names correctly; have words you don't know spelled out). A number noted wrongly in part 1 is written wrongly in part 2 and presented wrongly in part 3.
Saying numbers correctly
Decimal comma and thousands separator
In German the comma separates decimals and the point separates thousands — the reverse of English. Never say "sieben Punkt fünf" (seven point five).
| written | spoken |
|---|---|
| 7,5 | sieben Komma fünf |
| 0,8 | null Komma acht |
| 1,4 | eins Komma vier |
| 0,02 | null Komma null zwei |
| 13.400 | dreizehntausendvierhundert |
| 245.000 | zweihundertfünfundvierzigtausend |
Units before tens
"Achtundfünfzig" (58) names the eight first, then the fifty. When taking notes, wait until the end of the number before writing the digits. Transposed digits (58 instead of 85) are among the most common note-taking errors.
Avoiding mishearing
On the phone and with fast-talking patients some numbers sound alike: fünfzehn and fünfzig (15/50), sechzehn and sechzig (16/60), siebzehn and siebzig (17/70), dreizehn and dreißig (13/30). Ask back using digits: "Fünfzehn — also eins, fünf?" (Fifteen — so one, five?) Instead of "zwei" (two), people often say "zwo"; the Duden dictionary explains this is done "um eine akustische Verwechslung mit ‚drei‘ zu vermeiden" (to avoid confusing it acoustically with "drei", three).
Dates, years and times
| written | spoken |
|---|---|
| geb. 14.03.1951 | geboren am vierzehnten Dritten (or: vierzehnten März) neunzehnhunderteinundfünfzig |
| 1998 | neunzehnhundertachtundneunzig |
| 2009 | zweitausendneun |
| 7:30 Uhr | sieben Uhr dreißig, colloquially "halb acht" |
| 7:15 Uhr | Viertel nach sieben |
| 7:45 Uhr | Viertel vor acht, regionally "dreiviertel acht" |
Careful: "halb acht" means 7:30, not 8:30 — literally "half (on the way to) eight". If a patient says "gegen halb acht", write down 7:30.
Doses and other figures
The examples below only show how to say the notation — they are not dosing recommendations.
| written | spoken and meaning |
|---|---|
| 1-0-1 | "eins – null – eins": one tablet in the morning and one in the evening |
| 0-0-1 | "null – null – eins": one tablet in the evening |
| b. B. | "bei Bedarf": as needed |
| 38 py | "achtunddreißig Packungsjahre": 38 pack years |
| 7/10 | "sieben von zehn": seven out of ten (pain scale) |
| 1,78 m, 82 kg | "ein Meter achtundsiebzig, zweiundachtzig Kilogramm" |
| RR 160/95 mmHg | "Blutdruck hundertsechzig zu fünfundneunzig" (blood pressure 160 over 95) |
Saying units
Always say the full unit — in Berlin, a number without a unit is not a correctly read lab value. Read the unit off the report, because laboratories use different units: the same creatinine may be given as 1.4 mg/dl or as about 124 µmol/l, the same white cell count as 13,400/µl or as 13.4 G/l (written in German as 1,4 mg/dl, 13.400/µl and 13,4 G/l).
| Unit | spoken | Example |
|---|---|---|
| mg/dl | Milligramm pro Deziliter | Kreatinin 1,4 mg/dl |
| g/dl | Gramm pro Deziliter | Hämoglobin 9,8 g/dl |
| mmol/l | Millimol pro Liter | Kalium 4,2 mmol/l |
| µmol/l | Mikromol pro Liter | Kreatinin 124 µmol/l |
| mg/l | Milligramm pro Liter | CRP 48 mg/l |
| µg/l | Mikrogramm pro Liter | Ferritin 12 µg/l |
| ng/l | Nanogramm pro Liter | Troponin 35 ng/l |
| G/l | Giga pro Liter | Leukozyten 13,4 G/l |
| /µl | pro Mikroliter | Leukozyten 13.400/µl |
| U/l | Units pro Liter (also: Einheiten pro Liter) | GPT 85 U/l |
| mU/l | Milli-Units pro Liter | TSH 0,02 mU/l |
| % | Prozent | Sauerstoffsättigung 91 % |
| mmHg | Millimeter Quecksilbersäule | Blutdruck 160/95 mmHg |
| /min | pro Minute | Herzfrequenz 112/min |
| °C | Grad Celsius | Temperatur 38,2 °C |
| s | Sekunden | aPTT 32 s |
Common lab values: spoken form and what they measure
Reference ranges depend on the laboratory and the method, often also on age and sex, and are printed on every report. The table therefore deliberately gives no normal values. It is language material, not a guide to interpretation.
| Parameter (spoken) | Typical unit | What it measures |
|---|---|---|
| Hämoglobin (Hb, "ha-be") | g/dl, some labs mmol/l | red blood pigment that carries oxygen (haemoglobin) |
| Hämatokrit (Hkt) | % or l/l | share of blood cells in the blood volume (haematocrit) |
| Leukozyten ("Leukos") | /µl or G/l | white blood cells |
| Thrombozyten ("Thrombos") | /µl or G/l | platelets |
| C-reaktives Protein (CRP, "ze-er-pe") | mg/l, some labs mg/dl | inflammation marker |
| Natrium, Kalium | mmol/l | electrolytes (sodium, potassium) |
| Kreatinin ("Krea") | mg/dl or µmol/l | kidney value (creatinine) |
| geschätzte glomeruläre Filtrationsrate (eGFR) | ml/min/1,73 m² ("Milliliter pro Minute pro 1,73 Quadratmeter") | estimated filtering capacity of the kidneys |
| Harnstoff | mg/dl | kidney value (urea) |
| Glukose, Blutzucker (BZ, "be-zett") | mg/dl or mmol/l | blood sugar |
| HbA1c ("ha-be-a-eins-ze") | % or mmol/mol | "long-term sugar" over the last two to three months |
| GOT (AST), GPT (ALT) | U/l | liver values (enzymes) |
| Gamma-GT (γ-GT) | U/l | liver and bile value |
| Bilirubin | mg/dl | bile pigment |
| Lipase | U/l | pancreatic enzyme |
| Troponin | ng/l | protein from the heart muscle |
| Kreatinkinase (CK, "ze-ka") | U/l | muscle enzyme (creatine kinase) |
| NT-proBNP | pg/ml or ng/l | cardiac marker |
| D-Dimere | depends on the lab, e.g. mg/l | breakdown products of blood clots (D-dimers) |
| INR ("i-en-er"), Quick | INR has no unit, Quick in % | clotting values |
| aPTT ("a-pe-te-te") | s | clotting value |
| TSH ("te-es-ha") | mU/l | thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| Ferritin | µg/l | iron stores |
| Harnsäure | mg/dl | uric acid, a metabolic breakdown product |
| Laktat | mmol/l | lactate |
| LDL- und HDL-Cholesterin | mg/dl or mmol/l | blood fats (cholesterol) |
Say letter abbreviations with the German letter names: a, be, ze, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, jot, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ku, er, es, te, u, fau, we, ix, ypsilon, zett. So "CRP" is "ze-er-pe", not the English "see-ar-pee".
Abbreviations in clinical documentation
Some abbreviations are said in full (V. a. → "Verdacht auf"), others are spelled out letter by letter (EKG → "e-ka-ge"), some become short words ("Sono"). Abbreviations with full stops are always said in full. In the written documentation the rule is: only common abbreviations, used sparingly.
| Abbreviation | Full form or spoken form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| V. a. | Verdacht auf (suspected) | V. a. Appendizitis |
| Z. n. | Zustand nach (status post) | Z. n. Appendektomie 2009 |
| DD | Differentialdiagnose(n) (differential diagnosis) | DD Gastroenteritis |
| o. B. | ohne Befund (unremarkable) | Sonographie o. B. |
| b. B. | bei Bedarf (as needed) | Ibuprofen b. B. |
| ggf. | gegebenenfalls (if necessary) | ggf. Koronarangiographie |
| KU | körperliche Untersuchung (physical examination) | KU folgt |
| AZ / EZ | Allgemeinzustand / Ernährungszustand (general / nutritional condition) | reduzierter AZ |
| RR | Blutdruck (after Riva-Rocci), spoken "er-er" or "Blutdruck" | RR 160/95 mmHg |
| HF / AF | Herzfrequenz / Atemfrequenz (heart rate / respiratory rate) | HF 112/min |
| SpO₂ | Sauerstoffsättigung (oxygen saturation) | SpO₂ 91 % |
| EKG | Elektrokardiogramm, "e-ka-ge" (ECG) | 12-Kanal-EKG |
| Rö-Thorax | Röntgen-Thorax (chest X-ray) | Rö-Thorax in zwei Ebenen |
| CT / MRT | Computertomographie / Magnetresonanztomographie, "ze-te" / "em-er-te" (CT / MRI) | CT-Abdomen |
| Sono | Sonographie (ultrasound) | Sono-Abdomen |
| ÖGD | Ösophagogastroduodenoskopie, "ö-ge-de" (gastroscopy) | ÖGD geplant |
| BGA | Blutgasanalyse (blood gas analysis) | arterielle BGA |
| BB | Blutbild, kleines oder großes (blood count) | kl. BB |
| BZ | Blutzucker, "be-zett" (blood glucose) | BZ 210 mg/dl |
| CRP | C-reaktives Protein, "ze-er-pe" | CRP 48 mg/l |
| Hb | Hämoglobin, "ha-be" | Hb 9,8 g/dl |
| KHK | koronare Herzkrankheit (coronary artery disease) | bekannte KHK |
| ACS | akutes Koronarsyndrom (acute coronary syndrome) | V. a. ACS |
| aHT | arterielle Hypertonie (arterial hypertension) | aHT seit 2015 |
| DM | Diabetes mellitus | DM Typ 2 |
| COPD | chronisch obstruktive Lungenerkrankung, "ze-o-pe-de" | COPD-Exazerbation |
| TVT / LAE | tiefe Venenthrombose / Lungenarterienembolie (DVT / PE) | Z. n. TVT |
| HWI | Harnwegsinfekt (urinary tract infection) | rezidivierende HWI |
| pAVK | periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit (peripheral arterial disease) | pAVK bds. |
| p. o. / i. v. / s. c. | per os / intravenös / subkutan (oral / intravenous / subcutaneous) | Gabe i. v. |
| NSAR | nichtsteroidale Antirheumatika (NSAIDs) | NSAR-Einnahme |
| ASS | Acetylsalicylsäure, "a-es-es" (aspirin) | ASS-Allergie |
| Pat. | Patient, Patientin | 58-jähriger Pat. |
| py | pack years, "Packungsjahre" | 38 py |
| li. / re. / bds. | links / rechts / beidseits (left / right / bilateral) | Ödeme bds. |
| NW / KI | Nebenwirkung / Kontraindikation (side effect / contraindication) | NW: Übelkeit |
| ED | Erstdiagnose (first diagnosis) | ED 2015 |
| Tbl. | Tablette (tablet) | 1 Tbl. |
Example — fictional lab phone call
This is how a call as in Saxony-Anhalt might go: the laboratory gives values for another patient, which you note down and reproduce correctly later. Name, values and situation are entirely fictional.
Labor: Guten Tag, hier ist Frau Krüger aus dem Zentrallabor. Ich habe Laborwerte für einen Patienten Ihrer Station. Haben Sie etwas zum Schreiben?
Ärztin: Guten Tag, Frau Krüger, hier ist Dr. Haddad, Station 4. Ja, ich schreibe mit. Um welchen Patienten geht es?
Labor: Herr Jürgen Pawlowski, geboren am 14.03.1951.
Ärztin: Können Sie mir den Nachnamen bitte buchstabieren?
Labor: P wie Potsdam, A wie Aachen, W wie Wuppertal, L wie Leipzig, O wie Offenbach, W wie Wuppertal, S wie Salzwedel, K wie Köln, I wie Ingelheim.
Ärztin: Danke. Also Herr Jürgen Pawlowski, geboren am vierzehnten Dritten neunzehnhunderteinundfünfzig. Ich höre.
Labor: Kalium sechs Komma eins Millimol pro Liter, Natrium hundertzweiunddreißig Millimol pro Liter, Kreatinin zwei Komma drei Milligramm pro Deziliter, Hämoglobin neun Komma acht Gramm pro Deziliter, Leukozyten dreizehntausendvierhundert pro Mikroliter, CRP achtundvierzig Milligramm pro Liter.
Ärztin: Entschuldigung, war das Natrium hundertzweiunddreißig — also eins, drei, zwo?
Labor: Genau, eins, drei, zwo.
Ärztin: Ich wiederhole: Kalium sechs Komma eins Millimol pro Liter, Natrium hundertzweiunddreißig Millimol pro Liter, Kreatinin zwei Komma drei Milligramm pro Deziliter, Hämoglobin neun Komma acht Gramm pro Deziliter, Leukozyten dreizehntausendvierhundert pro Mikroliter, CRP achtundvierzig Milligramm pro Liter. Ist das so richtig?
Labor: Ja, alles richtig. Der schriftliche Befund ist gleich im System.
Ärztin: Vielen Dank, Frau Krüger. Ich gebe die Werte sofort an die zuständige Oberärztin weiter.
In English, in brief: the lab introduces itself and asks whether the doctor is ready to write; the doctor gives name and ward, asks for the patient, has the surname spelled, repeats name and date of birth, takes down six values with units, checks the one she was unsure of digit by digit ("eins, drei, zwo"), reads all values back with units, gets confirmation and says she will pass them on to the senior physician at once.
The note, with time and caller:
Pawlowski, Jürgen, geb. 14.03.1951 — K 6,1 mmol/l; Na 132 mmol/l; Krea 2,3 mg/dl; Hb 9,8 g/dl; Leukos 13.400/µl; CRP 48 mg/l — Anruf Fr. Krüger, Zentrallabor, 10:40 Uhr
In the doctor–doctor conversation you then report in full sentences: "Außerdem hat das Zentrallabor angerufen. Bei Herrn Jürgen Pawlowski, geboren am 14. März 1951, beträgt das Kalium sechs Komma eins Millimol pro Liter …" (The central lab also called. For Mr Jürgen Pawlowski, born 14 March 1951, potassium is 6.1 mmol/l …) — name and date of birth first, then the values with units. The spelling alphabet with city names (A wie Aachen, B wie Berlin …) has been part of the DIN 5009 standard since 2022; the older table with first names (A wie Anton, B wie Berta …) is still widely used and understood.
Reading out three lab values as in Berlin
A card might say: Kalium 3,2 mmol/l — Hb 11,6 g/dl — Thrombozyten 98.000/µl. Read aloud, that sounds like this:
- "Kalium drei Komma zwei Millimol pro Liter." (potassium 3.2 mmol/l)
- "Hämoglobin elf Komma sechs Gramm pro Deziliter." (haemoglobin 11.6 g/dl)
- "Thrombozyten achtundneunzigtausend pro Mikroliter." (platelets 98,000/µl)
Say the parameter in full ("Hämoglobin" rather than "ha-be"), speak slowly and don't pause between number and unit in a way that sounds like the end of a sentence. How reading values fits into the doctor–doctor conversation is described in Doctor–doctor talk; the translation task that goes with it in Berlin in Medical terms.
Common mistakes
- "Punkt" instead of "Komma": "sieben Punkt fünf" instead of "sieben Komma fünf".
- Unit left out or shortened: "Kreatinin eins Komma vier Milligramm" instead of "… Milligramm pro Deziliter".
- Abbreviations pronounced in English: "see-tee" instead of "ze-te".
- Transposed units and tens (58/85) or confusing fünfzehn and fünfzig (15/50).
- Not repeating name and date of birth on the phone.
- Made-up abbreviations in the documentation.
Sources
- Ärztekammer Berlin: Fachsprachprüfung
- Ärztekammer Berlin: Fachsprachprüfung — Aufgabenstellung (PDF)
- Ärztekammer Berlin: Musterbewertungsbogen Ärztliches Gespräch (PDF)
- Ärztekammer Sachsen-Anhalt: Sprachtest
- Bezirksärztekammer Rheinhessen: Informationen zur Fachsprachenprüfung (FSP) für ausländische Ärzte in Rheinland-Pfalz (PDF)
- Bezirksärztekammer Rheinhessen: Ablaufhinweise zur Fachsprachenprüfung (FSP) 2024 in Mainz (PDF)
- Ärztekammer Nordrhein: Fachsprachprüfung
- Bayerisches Ärzteblatt 3/2025: Fachsprachenprüfungen boomen (pp. 76–77, PDF)
- Sächsische Landesärztekammer: Fachsprachenprüfung
- Duden: zwo
- DIN Media: DIN 5009:2022-06 — Text- und Informationsverarbeitung für Büroanwendungen — Ansagen und Diktieren von Texten und Schriftzeichen
- Wikipedia: Buchstabiertafel
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